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تفسير القرطبي - سورة التين - الآية 1

خيارات حفظ الصفحة والطباعة

حفظ الصفحة بصيغة ووردحفظ الصفحة بصيغة النوت باد أو بملف نصيحفظ الصفحة بصيغة htmlطباعة الصفحة
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وَالتِّينِ وَالزَّيْتُونِ (1) (التين) mp3
قَالَ اِبْن عَبَّاس وَالْحَسَن وَمُجَاهِد وَعِكْرِمَة وَإِبْرَاهِيم النَّخَعِيّ وَعَطَاء بْن أَبِي رَبَاح وَجَابِر بْن زَيْد وَمُقَاتِل وَالْكَلْبِيّ : هُوَ تِينُكُمْ الَّذِي تَأْكُلُونَ , وَزَيْتُونُكُمْ الَّذِي تَعْصِرُونَ مِنْهُ الزَّيْت قَالَ اللَّه تَعَالَى : " وَشَجَرَة تَخْرُج مِنْ طُور سَيْنَاء تَنْبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ وَصِبْغٍ لِلْآكِلِينَ " [ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ : 20 ] . وَقَالَ أَبُو ذَرّ : أُهْدِيَ لِلنَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - سَلّ تِين فَقَالَ : [ كُلُوا ] وَأَكَلَ مِنْهُ . ثُمَّ قَالَ : [ لَوْ قُلْت إِنَّ فَاكِهَةً نَزَلَتْ مِنْ الْجَنَّة لَقُلْت هَذِهِ ; لِأَنَّ فَاكِهَة الْجَنَّة بِلَا عَجَم , فَكُلُوهَا فَإِنَّهَا تَقْطَع الْبَوَاسِير , وَتَنْفَع مِنْ النِّقْرِس ] . وَعَنْ مُعَاذ : أَنَّهُ اِسْتَاك بِقَضِيبِ زَيْتُون , وَقَالَ سَمِعْت النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - يَقُول : [ نِعْمَ السِّوَاك الزَّيْتُون مِنْ الشَّجَرَة الْمُبَارَكَة , يُطَيِّب الْفَم , وَيَذْهَب بِالْحَفْرِ , وَهِيَ سِوَاكِي وَسِوَاك الْأَنْبِيَاء مِنْ قَبْلِي ] . وَرُوِيَ عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس أَيْضًا : التِّين : مَسْجِد نُوح عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام الَّذِي بُنِيَ عَلَى الْجُودِيّ , وَالزَّيْتُون : مَسْجِد بَيْت الْمَقْدِس . وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاك : التِّين : الْمَسْجِد الْحَرَام , وَالزَّيْتُون الْمَسْجِد الْأَقْصَى . اِبْن زَيْد : التِّين : مَسْجِد دِمَشْق , وَالزَّيْتُون : مَسْجِد بَيْت الْمَقْدِس . قَتَادَة : التِّين : الْجَبَل الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ دِمَشْق : وَالزَّيْتُون : الْجَبَل الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ بَيْت الْمَقْدِس . وَقَالَ مُحَمَّد بْن كَعْب : التِّين : مَسْجِد أَصْحَاب الْكَهْف , وَالزَّيْتُون : مَسْجِد إِيلِيَاء . وَقَالَ كَعْب الْأَخْبَار وَقَتَادَة أَيْضًا وَعِكْرِمَة وَابْن زَيْد : التِّين : دِمَشْق , وَالزَّيْتُون : بَيْت الْمَقْدِس . وَهَذَا اِخْتِيَار الطَّبَرِيّ . وَقَالَ الْفَرَّاء : سَمِعْت رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْل الشَّام يَقُول : التِّين : جِبَال مَا بَيْن حُلْوَان إِلَى هَمَذَان , وَالزَّيْتُون : جِبَال الشَّام . وَقِيلَ : هُمَا جَبَلَانِ بِالشَّامِ , يُقَال لَهُمَا طُور زَيْتًا وَطُور تِينًا بِالسُّرْيَانِيَّةِ سُمِّيَا بِذَلِكَ ; لِأَنَّهُمَا يُنْبِتَانِهِمَا . وَكَذَا رَوَى أَبُو مَكِين عَنْ عِكْرِمَة , قَالَ : التِّين وَالزَّيْتُون : جَبَلَانِ بِالشَّامِ . وَقَالَ النَّابِغَة : أَتَيْنَ التِّين عَنْ عَرَض وَهَذَا اِسْم مَوْضِع . وَيَجُوز أَنْ يَكُون ذَلِكَ عَلَى حَذْف مُضَاف أَيْ وَمَنَابِت التِّين وَالزَّيْتُون . وَلَكِنْ لَا دَلِيل عَلَى ذَلِكَ مِنْ ظَاهِر التَّنْزِيل , وَلَا مِنْ قَوْل مَنْ لَا يُجَوِّز خِلَافه قَالَهُ النَّحَّاس .

وَأَصَحّ هَذِهِ الْأَقْوَال الْأَوَّل ; لِأَنَّهُ الْحَقِيقَة , وَلَا يُعْدَلُ عَنْ الْحَقِيقَة إِلَى الْمَجَاز إِلَّا بِدَلِيلٍ . وَإِنَّمَا أَقْسَمَ اللَّه بِالتِّينِ ; لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ سِتْرَ آدَم فِي الْجَنَّة لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : " يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِنْ وَرَق الْجَنَّة " [ الْأَعْرَاف : 22 ] وَكَانَ وَرَق التِّين . وَقِيلَ : أَقْسَمَ بِهِ لِيُبَيِّن وَجْه الْمِنَّة الْعُظْمَى فِيهِ فَإِنَّهُ جَمِيل الْمَنْظَر , طَيِّب الْمَخْبَر , نَشِر الرَّائِحَة , سَهْل الْجَنْي , عَلَى قَدْر الْمُضْغَة . وَقَدْ أَحْسَنَ الْقَائِل فِيهِ : اُنْظُرْ إِلَى التِّينِ فِي الْغُصُونِ ضُحًى مُمَزَّقَ الْجِلْدِ مَائِلَ الْعُنُقِ كَأَنَّهُ رَبُّ نِعْمَةٍ سُلِبَتْ فَعَادَ بَعْدَ الْجَدِيدِ فِي الْخَلَق أَصْغَرُ مَا فِي النُّهُودِ أَكْبَرُهُ لَكِنْ يُنَادَى عَلَيْهِ فِي الطُّرُقِ وَقَالَ آخَر : التِّينُ يَعْدِلُ عِنْدِي كُلَّ فَاكِهَةٍ إِذَا اِنْثَنَى مَائِلًا فِي غُصْنِهِ الزَّاهِي مُخَمَّشُ الْوَجْهِ قَدْ سَالَتْ حَلَاوَتُهُ كَأَنَّهُ رَاكِعٌ مِنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ وَأَقْسَمَ بِالزَّيْتُونِ ; لِأَنَّهُ مَثَّلَ بِهِ إِبْرَاهِيم فِي قَوْله تَعَالَى : " يُوقَد مِنْ شَجَرَة مُبَارَكَة زَيْتُونَة " [ النُّور : 35 ] . وَهُوَ أَكْثَر أَدَم أَهْل الشَّام وَالْمَغْرِب يَصْطَبِغُونَ بِهِ , وَيَسْتَعْمِلُونَهُ فِي طَبِيخهمْ , وَيَسْتَصْبِحُونَ بِهِ , وَيُدَاوَى بِهِ أَدْوَاء الْجَوْف وَالْقُرُوح وَالْجِرَاحَات , وَفِيهِ مَنَافِع كَثِيرَة . وَقَالَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام : [ كُلُوا الزَّيْت وَادَّهِنُوا بِهِ فَإِنَّهُ مِنْ شَجَرَة مُبَارَكَة ] . وَقَدْ مَضَى فِي سُورَة " الْمُؤْمِنُونَ " الْقَوْل فِيهِ .

قَالَ اِبْن الْعَرَبِيّ وَلِامْتِنَانِ الْبَارِئ سُبْحَانَهُ , وَتَعْظِيم الْمِنَّة فِي التِّين , وَأَنَّهُ مُقْتَات مُدَّخَر فَلِذَلِكَ قُلْنَا بِوُجُوبِ الزَّكَاة فِيهِ . وَإِنَّمَا فَرَّ كَثِير مِنْ الْعُلَمَاء مِنْ التَّصْرِيح بِوُجُوبِ الزَّكَاة فِيهِ , تَقِيَّة جَوْر الْوُلَاة فَإِنَّهُمْ يَتَحَامَلُونَ فِي الْأَمْوَال الزَّكَاتِيَّة , فَيَأْخُذُونَهَا مَغْرَمًا , حَسَبَ مَا أَنْذَرَ بِهِ الصَّادِق - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فَكَرِهَ الْعُلَمَاء أَنْ يَجْعَلُوا لَهُمْ سَبِيلًا إِلَى مَال آخَر يَتَشَطَّطُونَ فِيهِ , وَلَكِنْ يَنْبَغِي لِلْمَرْءِ أَنْ يَخْرُج عَنْ نِعْمَة رَبّه , بِأَدَاءِ حَقّه . وَقَدْ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيّ لِهَذِهِ الْعِلَّة وَغَيْرهَا : لَا زَكَاة فِي الزَّيْتُون . وَالصَّحِيح وُجُوب الزَّكَاة فِيهِمَا .
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