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تفسير القرطبي - سورة المزمل - الآية 1

خيارات حفظ الصفحة والطباعة

حفظ الصفحة بصيغة ووردحفظ الصفحة بصيغة النوت باد أو بملف نصيحفظ الصفحة بصيغة htmlطباعة الصفحة
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يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُزَّمِّلُ (1) (المزمل) mp3
مَكِّيَّة . وَقَالَ اِبْن عَبَّاس وَقَتَادَة : إِلَّا آيَتَيْنِ مِنْهَا : " وَاصْبِرْ عَلَى مَا يَقُولُونَ " [ الْمُزَّمِّل : 10 ] وَاَلَّتِي تَلِيهَا ; ذَكَرَهُ الْمَاوَرْدِيّ . وَقَالَ الثَّعْلَبِيّ : قَوْله تَعَالَى : " إِنَّ رَبّك يَعْلَم أَنَّك تَقُوم أَدْنَى " [ الْمُزَّمِّل : 20 ] إِلَى آخِر السُّورَة ; فَإِنَّهُ نَزَلَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ .

قَالَ الْأَخْفَش سَعِيد : " الْمُزَّمِّل " أَصْله الْمُتَزَمَّل ; فَأُدْغِمَتْ التَّاء فِي الزَّاي وَكَذَلِكَ " الْمُدَّثِّر " . وَقَرَأَ أُبَيّ بْن كَعْب عَلَى الْأَصْل " الْمُتَزَمَّل " و " الْمُتَدَثِّر " . وَسَعِيد : " الْمُزَّمِّل " . وَفِي أَصْل " الْمُزَّمِّل " قَوْلَانِ : أَحَدهمَا أَنَّهُ الْمُحْتَمِل ; يُقَال : زَمَلَ الشَّيْء إِذَا حَمَلَهُ , وَمِنْهُ الزَّامِلَة ; لِأَنَّهَا تَحْمِل الْقُمَاش . الثَّانِي أَنَّ الْمُزَّمِّل هُوَ الْمُتَلَفِّف ; يُقَال : تَزَمَّلَ وَتَدَثَّرَ بِثَوْبِهِ إِذَا تَغَطَّى . وَزَمَّلَ غَيْره إِذَا غَطَّاهُ , وَكُلّ شَيْء لُفِّفَ فَقَدْ زُمِّلَ وَدُثِّرَ ; قَالَ اِمْرُؤُ الْقَيْس : كَبِير أُنَاس فِي بِجَادٍ مُزَمَّلٍ

قَوْله تَعَالَى : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل " هَذَا خِطَاب لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ , وَفِيهِ ثَلَاثَة أَقْوَال :

الْأَوَّل قَوْل عِكْرِمَة : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل " بِالنُّبُوَّةِ وَالْمُلْتَزِم لِلرِّسَالَةِ . وَعَنْهُ أَيْضًا : يَا أَيّهَا الَّذِي زُمِّلَ هَذَا الْأَمْر أَيْ حَمَلَهُ ثُمَّ فَتَرَ , وَكَانَ يَقْرَأ : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَمَّل " بِتَخْفِيفِ الزَّاي وَفَتْح الْمِيم وَتَشْدِيدهَا عَلَى حَذْف الْمَفْعُول , وَكَذَلِكَ " الْمُدَثَّر " وَالْمَعْنَى الْمُزَمِّل نَفْسه وَالْمُدَثِّر نَفْسه , أَوْ الَّذِي زَمَّلَهُ غَيْره .

الثَّانِي : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل " بِالْقُرْآنِ , قَالَهُ اِبْن عَبَّاس .

‎الثَّالِث الْمُزَّمِّل بِثِيَابِهِ , قَالَ قَتَادَة وَغَيْره . قَالَ النَّخَعِيّ : كَانَ مُتَزَمِّلًا بِقَطِيفَةٍ . عَائِشَة : بِمِرْطٍ طُوله أَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ ذِرَاعًا , نِصْفه عَلَيَّ وَأَنَا نَائِمَة , وَنِصْفه عَلَى النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ يُصَلِّي , وَاَللَّه مَا كَانَ خَزًّا وَلَا قَزًّا وَلَا مِرْعِزَاءَ وَلَا إِبْرِيسَمًا وَلَا صُوفًا , كَانَ سَدَاه شَعْرًا , وَلُحْمَته وَبَرًا , ذَكَرَهُ الثَّعْلَبِيّ .

قُلْت : وَهَذَا الْقَوْل مِنْ عَائِشَة يَدُلّ عَلَى أَنَّ السُّورَة مَدَنِيَّة ; فَإِنَّ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَبْنِ بِهَا إِلَّا فِي الْمَدِينَة . وَمَا ذُكِرَ مِنْ أَنَّهَا مَكِّيَّة لَا يَصِحّ . وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم .

وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاك : تَزَمَّلَ بِثِيَابِهِ لِمَنَامِهِ . وَقِيلَ : بَلَغَهُ مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ سُوء قَوْل فِيهِ , فَاشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهِ فَتَزَمَّلَ فِي ثِيَابه وَتَدَثَّرَ , فَنَزَلَتْ : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل " [ الْمُزَّمِّل : 1 ] و " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُدَّثِّر " [ الْمُدَّثِّر : 1 ] .

وَقِيلَ : كَانَ هَذَا فِي اِبْتِدَاء مَا أَوْحَى إِلَيْهِ , فَإِنَّهُ لَمَّا سَمِعَ قَوْل الْمَلَك وَنَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ أَخَذَتْهُ الرِّعْدَة فَأَتَى أَهْله فَقَالَ : ( زَمِّلُونِي دَثِّرُونِي ) رُوِيَ مَعْنَاهُ عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس . وَقَالَتْ الْحُكَمَاء : إِنَّمَا خَاطَبَهُ بِالْمُزَّمِّلِ وَالْمُدَّثِّر فِي أَوَّل الْأَمْر ; لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ بَعْد اِدَّثَرَ شَيْئًا مِنْ تَبْلِيغ الرِّسَالَة .

قَالَ اِبْن الْعَرَبِيّ : وَاخْتُلِفَ فِي تَأْوِيل : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل " فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ حَمَلَهُ عَلَى حَقِيقَته , قِيلَ لَهُ : يَا مَنْ تَلَفَّفَ فِي ثِيَابه أَوْ فِي قَطِيفَته قُمْ ; قَالَهُ إِبْرَاهِيم وَقَتَادَة . وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ حَمَلَهُ عَلَى الْمَجَاز , كَأَنَّهُ قِيلَ لَهُ : يَا مَنْ تَزَمَّلَ بِالنُّبُوَّةِ ; قَالَهُ عِكْرِمَة . وَإِنَّمَا يَسُوغ هَذَا التَّفْسِير لَوْ كَانَتْ الْمِيم مَفْتُوحَة مُشَدَّدَة بِصِيغَةِ الْمَفْعُول الَّذِي لَمْ يُسَمَّ فَاعِله , وَأَمَّا وَهُوَ بِلَفْظِ الْفَاعِل فَهُوَ بَاطِل . قُلْت : وَقَدْ بَيَّنَّا أَنَّهَا عَلَى حَذْف الْمَفْعُول : وَقَدْ قُرِئَ بِهَا , فَهِيَ صَحِيحَة الْمَعْنَى . قَالَ : وَأَمَّا مَنْ قَالَ إِنَّهُ زُمِّلَ الْقُرْآن فَهُوَ صَحِيح فِي الْمَجَاز , لَكِنَّهُ قَدْ قَدَّمْنَا أَنَّهُ لَا يَحْتَاج إِلَيْهِ .

قَالَ السُّهَيْلِيّ : لَيْسَ الْمُزَّمِّل بِاسْمٍ مِنْ أَسْمَاء النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ , وَلَمْ يُعْرَف بِهِ كَمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ بَعْض النَّاس وَعَدُّوهُ فِي أَسْمَائِهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام , وَإِنَّمَا الْمُزَّمِّل اِسْم مُشْتَقّ مِنْ حَالَته الَّتِي كَانَ عَلَيْهَا حِينَ الْخِطَاب , وَكَذَلِكَ الْمُدَّثِّر .

وَفِي خِطَابه بِهَذَا الِاسْم فَائِدَتَانِ :

إِحْدَاهُمَا الْمُلَاطَفَة ; فَإِنَّ الْعَرَب إِذَا قَصَدَتْ مُلَاطَفَة الْمُخَاطَب وَتَرْك الْمُعَاتَبَة سَمَّوْهُ بِاسْمٍ مُشْتَقّ مِنْ حَالَته الَّتِي هُوَ عَلَيْهَا ; كَقَوْلِ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِعَلِيٍّ حِينَ غَاضَبَ فَاطِمَة رَضِيَ اللَّه عَنْهُمَا , فَأَتَاهُ وَهُوَ نَائِم وَقَدْ لَصِقَ بِجَنْبِهِ التُّرَاب فَقَالَ لَهُ : ( قُمْ يَا أَبَا تُرَاب ) إِشْعَارًا لَهُ أَنَّهُ غَيْر عَاتِب عَلَيْهِ , وَمُلَاطَفَة لَهُ . وَكَذَلِكَ قَوْله عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام لِحُذَيْفَة : ( قُمْ يَا نَوْمَان ) وَكَانَ نَائِمًا مُلَاطَفَة لَهُ , وَإِشْعَارًا لِتَرْكِ الْعَتْب وَالتَّأْنِيب . فَقَوْل اللَّه تَعَالَى لِمُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : " يَا أَيّهَا الْمُزَّمِّل قُمْ " فِيهِ تَأْنِيس وَمُلَاطَفَة ; لِيَسْتَشْعِر أَنَّهُ غَيْر عَاتِب عَلَيْهِ .

وَالْفَائِدَة الثَّانِيَة : التَّنْبِيه لِكُلِّ مُتَزَمِّل رَاقِد لَيْله لِيَتَنَبَّه إِلَى قِيَام اللَّيْل وَذِكْر اللَّه تَعَالَى فِيهِ ; لِأَنَّ الِاسْم الْمُشْتَقّ مِنْ الْفِعْل يَشْتَرِك فِيهِ مَعَ الْمُخَاطَب كُلّ مَنْ عَمِلَ ذَلِكَ الْعَمَل وَاتَّصَفَ بِتِلْكَ الصِّفَة .
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