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تفسير القرطبي - سورة غافر - الآية 1

خيارات حفظ الصفحة والطباعة

حفظ الصفحة بصيغة ووردحفظ الصفحة بصيغة النوت باد أو بملف نصيحفظ الصفحة بصيغة htmlطباعة الصفحة
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حم (1) (غافر) mp3
تَفْسِير سُورَة غَافِر , وَهِيَ سُورَة الْمُؤْمِن , وَتُسَمَّى سُورَة الطَّوْل , وَهِيَ مَكِّيَّة فِي قَوْل الْحَسَن وَعَطَاء وَعِكْرِمَة وَجَابِر . وَعَنْ الْحَسَن إِلَّا قَوْله : " وَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبّك " [ غَافِر : 55 ] لِأَنَّ الصَّلَوَات نَزَلَتْ بِالْمَدِينَةِ . وَقَالَ اِبْن عَبَّاس وَقَتَادَة : إِلَّا آيَتَيْنِ مِنْهَا نَزَلَتَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَهُمَا " إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُجَادِلُونَ فِي آيَات اللَّه " [ غَافِر : 56 ] وَاَلَّتِي بَعْدهَا . وَهِيَ خَمْس وَثَمَانُونَ آيَة . وَقِيلَ ثِنْتَانِ وَثَمَانُونَ آيَة . وَفِي مُسْنَد الدَّارِمِيّ قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا جَعْفَر بْن عَوْن عَنْ مِسْعَر عَنْ سَعْد بْن إِبْرَاهِيم قَالَ : كُنَّ الْحَوَامِيم يُسَمَّيْنَ الْعَرَائِس . وَرُوِيَ مِنْ حَدِيث أَنَس أَنَّ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : " الْحَوَامِيم دِيبَاج الْقُرْآن " وَرُوِيَ عَنْ اِبْن مَسْعُود مِثْله . وَقَالَ الْجَوْهَرِيّ وَأَبُو عُبَيْدَة : وَآلُ حم سُوَر فِي الْقُرْآن . قَالَ اِبْن مَسْعُود : آلُ حم دِيبَاج الْقُرْآن . قَالَ الْفَرَّاء : إِنَّمَا هُوَ كَقَوْلِك آلُ فُلَان وَآلُ فُلَان كَأَنَّهُ نَسَبَ السُّورَة كُلّهَا إِلَى حم ; قَالَ الْكُمَيْت : وَجَدْنَا لَكُمْ فِي آلِ حَامِيمَ آيَةً تَأَوَّلَهَا مِنَّا تَقِيٌّ وَمُعْرِبُ قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَة : هَكَذَا رَوَاهَا الْأُمَوِيّ بِالزَّايِ , وَكَانَ أَبُو عَمْرو يَرْوِيهَا بِالرَّاءِ . فَأَمَّا قَوْل الْعَامَّة الْحَوَامِيم فَلَيْسَ مِنْ كَلَام الْعَرَب . وَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَة : الْحَوَامِيم سُوَر فِي الْقُرْآن عَلَى غَيْر قِيَاس ; وَأَنْشَدَ قَائِلًا : وَبِالْحَوَامِيمِ الَّتِي قَدْ سُبِّغَتْ قَالَ : وَالْأَوْلَى أَنْ تُجْمَع بِذَوَاتِ حم . وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : ( لِكُلِّ شَيْء ثَمَرَة وَإِنَّ ثَمَرَة الْقُرْآن ذَوَات حم هُنَّ رَوْضَات حِسَان مُخَصَّبَات مُتَجَاوِرَات فَمَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَرْتَعَ فِي رِيَاض الْجَنَّة فَلْيَقْرَأْ الْحَوَامِيم ) . وَقَالَ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( مَثَل الْحَوَامِيم فِي الْقُرْآن كَمَثَلِ الْحَبِرَات فِي الثِّيَاب ) ذَكَرَهُمَا الثَّعْلَبِيّ . وَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْد : وَحَدَّثَنِي حَجَّاج بْن مُحَمَّد عَنْ أَبِي مَعْشَر عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن قَيْس قَالَ : رَأَى رَجُل سَبْع جَوَار حِسَان مُزَيَّنَات فِي النَّوْم فَقَالَ لِمَنْ أَنْتُنَّ بَارَكَ اللَّه فِيكُنَّ فَقُلْنَ نَحْنُ لِمَنْ قَرَأَنَا نَحْنُ الْحَوَامِيم . " حم " اُخْتُلِفَ فِي مَعْنَاهُ ; فَقَالَ عِكْرِمَة : قَالَ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( " حم " اِسْم مِنْ أَسْمَاء اللَّه تَعَالَى وَهِيَ مَفَاتِيح خَزَائِن رَبّك ) قَالَ اِبْن عَبَّاس : " حم " اِسْم اللَّه الْأَعْظَم . وَعَنْهُ : " الر " وَ " حم " وَ " ن " حُرُوف الرَّحْمَن مُقَطَّعَة . وَعَنْهُ أَيْضًا : اِسْم مِنْ أَسْمَاء اللَّه تَعَالَى أَقْسَمَ بِهِ . وَقَالَ قَتَادَة : إِنَّهُ اِسْم مِنْ أَسْمَاء الْقُرْآن . مُجَاهِد : فَوَاتِح السُّوَر . وَقَالَ عَطَاء الْخُرَاسَانِيّ : الْحَاء اِفْتِتَاح اِسْمه حَمِيد وَحَنَّان وَحَلِيم وَحَكِيم , وَالْمِيم اِفْتِتَاح اِسْمه مَلِك وَمَجِيد وَمَنَّان وَمُتَكَبِّر وَمُصَوِّر ; يَدُلّ عَلَيْهِ مَا رَوَى أَنَس أَنَّ أَعْرَابِيًّا سَأَلَ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : مَا " حم " فَإِنَّا لَا نَعْرِفهَا فِي لِسَانِنَا ؟ فَقَالَ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( بَدْء أَسْمَاء وَفَوَاتِح سُوَر ) وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاك وَالْكِسَائِيّ : مَعْنَاهُ قُضِيَ مَا هُوَ كَائِن . كَأَنَّهُ أَرَادَ الْإِشَارَة إِلَى تَهَجِّي " حم " ; لِأَنَّهَا تَصِير حُمَّ بِضَمِّ الْحَاء وَتَشْدِيد الْمِيم ; أَيْ قُضِيَ وَوَقَعَ . وَقَالَ كَعْب بْن مَالِك : فَلَمَّا تَلَاقَيْنَاهُمْ وَدَارَتْ بِنَا الرَّحَى وَلَيْسَ لِأَمْرٍ حَمَّهُ اللَّهُ مَدْفَعُ وَعَنْهُ أَيْضًا : إِنَّ الْمَعْنَى حُمَّ أَمْر اللَّه أَيْ قَرُبَ ; كَمَا قَالَ الشَّاعِر : قَدْ حُمَّ يَوْمِي فَسُرَّ قَوْمٌ قَوْمٌ بِهِمْ غَفْلَةٌ وَنَوْمُ وَمِنْهُ سُمِّيَتْ الْحُمَّى ; لِأَنَّهَا تُقَرِّب مِنْ الْمَنِيَّة . وَالْمَعْنَى الْمُرَاد قَرُبَ نَصْره لِأَوْلِيَائِهِ , وَانْتِقَامُهُ مِنْ أَعْدَائِهِ كَيَوْمِ بَدْر . وَقِيلَ : حُرُوف هِجَاء ; قَالَ الْجَرْمِيّ : وَلِهَذَا تُقْرَأ سَاكِنَة الْحُرُوف فَخَرَجَتْ مَخْرَج التَّهَجِّي وَإِذَا سُمِّيَتْ سُورَة بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْحُرُوف أُعْرِبَتْ ; فَتَقُول : قَرَأْت " حم " فَتَنْصِب ; قَالَ الشَّاعِر : يُذَكِّرُنِي حَامِيمَ وَالرُّمْحُ شَاجِرٌ فَهَلَّا تَلَا حَامِيمَ قَبْلَ التَّقَدُّمِ وَقَرَأَ عِيسَى بْن عُمَر الثَّقَفِيّ : " حم " بِفَتْحِ الْمِيم عَلَى مَعْنَى اِقْرَأْ حم أَوْ لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ . اِبْن أَبِي إِسْحَاق وَأَبُو السَّمَّال بِكَسْرِهَا . وَالْإِمَالَة وَالْكَسْر لِلِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ , أَوْ عَلَى وَجْه الْقَسَم . وَقَرَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَر بِقَطْعِ الْحَاء مِنْ الْمِيم . الْبَاقُونَ بِالْوَصْلِ . وَكَذَلِكَ فِي " حم . عسق " . وَقَرَأَ أَبُو عَمْرو وَأَبُو بَكْر وَحَمْزَة وَالْكِسَائِيّ وَخَلَف وَابْن ذَكْوَان بِالْإِمَالَةِ فِي الْحَاء . وَرُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي عَمْرو بَيْن اللَّفْظَيْنِ وَهِيَ قِرَاءَة نَافِع وَأَبِي جَعْفَر وَشَيْبَة . الْبَاقُونَ بِالْفَتْحِ مُشْبَعًا .
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