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تفسير ابن كثر - سورة النساء - الآية 77

خيارات حفظ الصفحة والطباعة

حفظ الصفحة بصيغة ووردحفظ الصفحة بصيغة النوت باد أو بملف نصيحفظ الصفحة بصيغة htmlطباعة الصفحة
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أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ قِيلَ لَهُمْ كُفُّوا أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَلَمَّا كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقِتَالُ إِذَا فَرِيقٌ مِّنْهُمْ يَخْشَوْنَ النَّاسَ كَخَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ أَوْ أَشَدَّ خَشْيَةً ۚ وَقَالُوا رَبَّنَا لِمَ كَتَبْتَ عَلَيْنَا الْقِتَالَ لَوْلَا أَخَّرْتَنَا إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ قَرِيبٍ ۗ قُلْ مَتَاعُ الدُّنْيَا قَلِيلٌ وَالْآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ لِّمَنِ اتَّقَىٰ وَلَا تُظْلَمُونَ فَتِيلًا (77) (النساء) mp3
كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ فِي اِبْتِدَاء الْإِسْلَام وَهُمْ بِمَكَّة مَأْمُورِينَ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاة وَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ ذَات النُّصُب وَكَانُوا مَأْمُورِينَ بِمُوَاسَاةِ الْفُقَرَاء مِنْهُمْ وَكَانُوا مَأْمُورِينَ بِالصَّفْحِ وَالْعَفْو عَنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَالصَّبْر إِلَى حِين وَكَانُوا يَتَحَرَّقُونَ وَيَوَدُّونَ لَوْ أُمِرُوا بِالْقِتَالِ لِيَشْتَفُوا مِنْ أَعْدَائِهِمْ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ الْحَال إِذْ ذَاكَ مُنَاسِبًا لِأَسْبَابٍ كَثِيرَة مِنْهَا قِلَّة عَدَدهمْ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى كَثْرَة عَدَد عَدُوّهُمْ وَمِنْهَا كَوْنهمْ كَانُوا فِي بَلَدهمْ وَهُوَ بَلَد حَرَام وَأَشْرَف بِقَاعِ الْأَرْض فَلَمْ يَكُنْ الْأَمْر بِالْقِتَالِ فِيهِ اِبْتِدَاء كَمَا يُقَال فَلِهَذَا لَمْ يُؤْمَر بِالْجِهَادِ إِلَّا بِالْمَدِينَةِ لَمَّا صَارَتْ لَهُمْ دَار وَمَنَعَة وَأَنْصَار وَمَعَ هَذَا لَمَّا أُمِرُوا بِمَا كَانُوا يَوَدُّونَهُ جَزِعَ بَعْضهمْ مِنْهُ وَخَافُوا مِنْ مُوَاجَهَة النَّاس خَوْفًا شَدِيدًا وَقَالُوا " رَبّنَا لِمَ كَتَبْت عَلَيْنَا الْقِتَال لَوْلَا أَخَّرْتنَا إِلَى أَجَل قَرِيب " أَيْ لَوْلَا أَخَّرْت فَرْضه إِلَى مُدَّة أُخْرَى فَإِنَّ فِيهِ سَفْك الدِّمَاء وَيُتْم الْأَوْلَاد وَتَأَيُّم النِّسَاء وَهَذِهِ الْآيَة كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى " وَيَقُول الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَوْلَا نُزِّلَتْ سُورَة فَإِذَا أُنْزِلَتْ سُورَة مُحْكَمَة وَذُكِرَ فِيهَا الْقِتَال " الْآيَات . قَالَ اِبْن أَبِي حَاتِم : حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيّ بْن الْحُسَيْن حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّد بْن عَبْد الْعَزِيز عَنْ أَبِي زُرْعَة وَعَلِيّ بْن رمحة قَالَا : حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيّ بْن الْحَسَن عَنْ الْحُسَيْن بْن وَاقِد عَنْ عَمْرو بْن دِينَار عَنْ عِكْرِمَة عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس أَنَّ عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن عَوْف وَأَصْحَابه أَتَوْا النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَكَّة فَقَالُوا : يَا نَبِيّ اللَّه كُنَّا فِي عِزَّة وَنَحْنُ مُشْرِكُونَ فَلَمَّا آمَنَّا صِرْنَا أَذِلَّة قَالَ " إِنِّي أُمِرْت بِالْعَفْوِ فَلَا تُقَاتِلُوا الْقَوْم " فَلَمَّا حَوَّلَهُ اللَّه إِلَى الْمَدِينَة أَمَرَهُ بِالْقِتَالِ فَكَفُّوا فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّه " أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ قِيلَ لَهُمْ كُفُّوا أَيْدِيَكُمْ " الْآيَة وَرَوَاهُ النَّسَائِيّ وَالْحَاكِم وَابْن مَرْدَوَيْهِ مِنْ حَدِيث عَلِيّ بْن الْحَسَن بْن شَقِيق بِهِ وَقَالَ أَسْبَاط عَنْ السُّدِّيّ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا الصَّلَاة وَالزَّكَاة فَسَأَلُوا اللَّه أَنْ يَفْرِض عَلَيْهِمْ الْقِتَال فَلَمَّا فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ الْقِتَال " إِذَا فَرِيق مِنْهُمْ يَخْشَوْنَ النَّاس كَخَشْيَةِ اللَّه أَوْ أَشَدّ خَشْيَة وَقَالُوا رَبّنَا لِمَ كَتَبْت عَلَيْنَا الْقِتَال لَوْلَا أَخَّرْتنَا إِلَى أَجَل قَرِيب " وَهُوَ الْمَوْت قَالَ اللَّه تَعَالَى " قُلْ مَتَاع الدُّنْيَا قَلِيل وَالْآخِرَة خَيْر لِمَنْ اِتَّقَى " وَقَالَ مُجَاهِد إِنَّ هَذِهِ الْآيَة نَزَلَتْ فِي الْيَهُود رَوَاهُ اِبْن جَرِير وَقَوْله قُلْ مَتَاع الدُّنْيَا قَلِيل وَالْآخِرَة خَيْر لِمَنْ اِتَّقَى أَيْ آخِرَة الْمُتَّقِي خَيْر مِنْ دُنْيَاهُ " وَلَا تُظْلَمُونَ فَتِيلًا " أَيْ مِنْ أَعْمَالِكُمْ بَلْ تُوفُونَهَا أَتَمّ الْجَزَاء وَهَذِهِ تَسْلِيَة لَهُمْ عَنْ الدُّنْيَا وَتَرْغِيب لَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَة وَتَحْرِيض لَهُمْ عَلَى الْجِهَاد . وَقَالَ اِبْن أَبِي حَاتِم : حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوب بْن إِبْرَاهِيم الدَّوْرَقِيّ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن مَهْدِيّ حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّاد بْن زَيْد عَنْ هِشَام قَالَ : قَرَأَ الْحَسَن " قُلْ مَتَاع الدُّنْيَا" قَلِيل قَالَ : رَحِمَ اللَّه عَبْدًا صَحِبَهَا عَلَى حَسَب ذَلِكَ وَمَا الدُّنْيَا كُلّهَا أَوَّلهَا وَآخِرهَا إِلَّا كَرَجُلٍ نَامَ نَوْمَة فَرَأَى فِي مَنَامه بَعْض مَا يُحِبّ ثُمَّ اِنْتَبَهَ. وَقَالَ اِبْن مَعِين : كَانَ أَبُو مِصْهَر يُنْشِد : وَلَا خَيْر فِي الدُّنْيَا لِمَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مِنْ اللَّه فِي دَار الْمَقَام نَصِيب فَإِنْ تُعْجِب الدُّنْيَا رِجَالًا فَإِنَّهَا مَتَاع قَلِيل وَالزَّوَال قَرِيب
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