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تفسير ابن كثر - سورة البقرة - الآية 194

خيارات حفظ الصفحة والطباعة

حفظ الصفحة بصيغة ووردحفظ الصفحة بصيغة النوت باد أو بملف نصيحفظ الصفحة بصيغة htmlطباعة الصفحة
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الشَّهْرُ الْحَرَامُ بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ وَالْحُرُمَاتُ قِصَاصٌ ۚ فَمَنِ اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ (194) (البقرة) mp3
قَالَ عِكْرِمَة عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس وَالضَّحَّاك وَالسُّدِّيّ وَقَتَادَة وَمِقْسَم وَالرَّبِيع بْن أَنَس وَعَطَاء وَغَيْرهمْ لَمَّا سَارَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مُعْتَمِرًا فِي سَنَة سِتّ مِنْ الْهِجْرَة وَحَبَسَهُ الْمُشْرِكُونَ عَنْ الدُّخُول وَالْوُصُول إِلَى الْبَيْت وَصَدُّوهُ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَة وَهُوَ شَهْر حَرَام حَتَّى قَاضَاهُمْ عَلَى الدُّخُول مِنْ قَابِل فَدَخَلَهَا فِي السَّنَة الْآتِيَة هُوَ وَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَأَقَصَّهُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُمْ فَنَزَلَتْ فِي ذَلِكَ هَذِهِ الْآيَة" الشَّهْر الْحَرَام بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَام وَالْحُرُمَات قِصَاص " وَقَالَ الْإِمَام أَحْمَد حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاق بْن عِيسَى حَدَّثَنَا لَيْث بْن سَعْد عَنْ أَبِي الزُّبَيْر عَنْ جَابِر بْن عَبْد اللَّه قَالَ : لَمْ يَكُنْ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَغْزُو فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام إِلَّا أَنْ يُغْزَى أَوْ يُغْزَوْا فَإِذَا حَضَرَهُ أَقَامَ حَتَّى يَنْسَلِخ . هَذَا إِسْنَاد صَحِيح. وَلِهَذَا لَمَّا بَلَغَ النَّبِيّ - صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - وَهُوَ مُخَيِّم بِالْحُدَيْبِيَةِ أَنَّ عُثْمَان قُتِلَ وَكَانَ قَدْ بَعَثَهُ فِي رِسَالَة إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ بَايَعَ أَصْحَابه وَكَانُوا أَلْفًا وَأَرْبَعمِائَةِ تَحْت الشَّجَرَة عَلَى قِتَال الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهُ أَنَّ عُثْمَان لَمْ يُقْتَل كَفَّ عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَجَنَحَ إِلَى الْمُسَالَمَة وَالْمُصَالَحَة فَكَانَ مَا كَانَ . وَكَذَلِكَ لَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ قِتَال هَوَازِن يَوْم حُنَيْن وَتَحَصَّنَ فَلّهم بِالطَّائِفِ عَدَلَ إِلَيْهَا فَحَاصَرَهَا وَدَخَلَ ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَهُوَ مُحَاصِر لَهَا بِالْمَنْجَنِيقِ وَاسْتَمَرَّ عَلَيْهَا إِلَى كَمَال أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ عَنْ أَنَس فَلَمَّا كَثُرَ الْقَتْل فِي أَصْحَابه اِنْصَرَفَ عَنْهَا وَلَمْ تُفْتَح ثُمَّ كَرَّ رَاجِعًا إِلَى مَكَّة وَاعْتَمَرَ مِنْ الْجِعْرَانَة حَيْثُ قَسَمَ غَنَائِم حُنَيْن . وَكَانَتْ عُمْرَته هَذِهِ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَة أَيْضًا عَام ثَمَان صَلَوَات اللَّه وَسَلَامه عَلَيْهِ : وَقَوْله" فَمَنْ اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ " أَمَرَ بِالْعَدْلِ حَتَّى فِي الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَمَا قَالَ" وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ " وَقَالَ" وَجَزَاءُ سَيِّئَةٍ سَيِّئَةٌ مِثْلُهَا " . وَرَوَى عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَلْحَة عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس أَنَّ قَوْله " فَمَنْ اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ " . نَزَلَتْ بِمَكَّة حَيْثُ لَا شَوْكَة وَلَا جِهَاد ثُمَّ نُسِخَ بِآيَةِ الْقِتَال بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَقَدْ رَدَّ هَذَا الْقَوْل اِبْن جَرِير وَقَالَ : بَلْ الْآيَة مَدَنِيَّة بَعْد عُمْرَة الْقَضِيَّة وَعَزَا ذَلِكَ إِلَى مُجَاهِد رَحِمَهُ اللَّه وَقَوْله " وَاتَّقُوا اللَّه وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّه مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ " أَمْرٌ لَهُمْ بِطَاعَةِ اللَّه وَتَقْوَاهُ وَإِخْبَارٌ بِأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى مَعَ الَّذِينَ اِتَّقَوْا بِالنَّصْرِ وَالتَّأْيِيد فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَة .
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